Most of the time in After Effects goes to finding things: the right property, the right frame, the right layer. These twenty-four shortcuts remove the searching. Windows keys are listed; on a Mac, read Ctrl as Cmd and Alt as Option.

Properties

ShortcutWhat it does
P S R T AShow Position, Scale, Rotation, Opacity or Anchor Point of the selected layers. Hold Shift to add a second property without hiding the first.
UShow every property that has keyframes. Press it twice, UU, to show everything you changed from the default, including effects with no keyframes.
E / EEShow effects. Twice shows every expression on the layer.
M / MMMask path. Twice shows all mask properties, including feather and expansion.

Timeline

ShortcutWhat it does
[ / ]Move the layer so its in or out point sits at the playhead.
Alt+[ / Alt+]Trim the in or out point to the playhead.
Ctrl+Shift+DSplit the layer at the playhead.
J / KJump to the previous or next visible keyframe or marker.
B / NSet the beginning or end of the work area to the playhead. Previews then stop at the part you are working on.
Shift+0 to 9Add a composition marker at the playhead. The number alone jumps to that marker.
Ctrl+Alt+TEnable time remapping on the selected layer.

Layers

ShortcutWhat it does
Ctrl+YNew solid. Ctrl+Alt+Y makes an adjustment layer, Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Y a null.
Ctrl+Shift+CPre-compose the selected layers.
Ctrl+DDuplicate layers, keyframes, masks or compositions, whatever is selected.
Ctrl+Alt+FFit the layer to the composition. Ctrl+Alt+Shift+H fits the width only, Ctrl+Alt+Shift+G the height.
Ctrl+Alt+HomeCenter the anchor point in the layer's content. Ctrl+Home centers the layer in the comp.
Alt+dragDrag a footage item from the Project panel onto a layer while holding Alt to swap its source. Keyframes, effects and masks stay.

Keyframes

ShortcutWhat it does
F9Easy Ease. Shift+F9 eases in only, Ctrl+Shift+F9 eases out only.
Alt+click a stopwatchAdd an expression to that property.
Alt+drag a keyframeWith several keyframes selected, drag the first or last one while holding Alt to stretch or compress their timing proportionally.
Shift+F3Toggle the Graph Editor.

Views

ShortcutWhat it does
`Maximize the panel under the cursor. Press again to restore.
Caps LockPause rendering. Make a dozen changes, then release it to see the result.
Ctrl+Shift+HHide layer controls, handles and motion paths for a clean view.

Make your own

Everything else is one visit to Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts (Ctrl+Alt+'). Search for a command and press the key you want. Two worth binding: Convert Expression to Keyframes and Time-Reverse Keyframes, which ship without shortcuts.

The habit that matters most: keep your left hand on P, S, R, T and U, and stop twirling layers open with the mouse. That alone saves more time than everything else on this page.